The Low Countries have a strong tradition and reputation in the field of Late Antiquity, but the expertise available has never been gathered. As the Roman empire declined and 'fell', contemporary glorification of the emperor's triumphal rulership reached new heights, strewing traces of the empire's perennial victory across the physical and mental landscape of late antiquity. 18 For which see Nilsson, I., ‘To narrate the events of the past. An enormous literature continues on the periodization of late antiquity, but much of it is motivated more by the question of when the ancient world ended, or the Roman empire fell, than by any concern for the continuity or otherwise of Byzantium.Footnote 4 Given these developments it is not surprising that several Byzantinists currently argue that Byzantium ‘began’ only in the seventh century or thereabouts. The truth was more complex than that. Late Antiquity and Byzantium: Early Middle Ages Introduction During the period of late antiquity and Byzantium, philosophical thinking about art and beauty was influenced by and indeed conceived in terms of Neoplatonism, especially that of Plotinus (c. 205–270 A.D.), and even more so of Christian theology. Kontingenzerfahrung und Kontingenzbewältigung im 6. Power, Conflict and Dissent in Early Medieval Christianity, Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great, The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography, Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World, There is No Crime for Those who Have Christ, Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices, Gewalt und religiöser Konflikt : Studien zu den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Christen, Heiden und Juden im Osten des Römischen Reiches (von Konstantin bis Theodosius II. To accept cookies from this site, please click the Allow Cookies button below. Most scholars would agree that the term Byzantium can safely be applied to the seventh century, even if finding a starting point is not so easy. More significant are the suspicion felt towards Byzantium among some late antique scholarsFootnote 45 and the frequent assertion that Constantinople was cut off from the eastern provinces by the Arab conquests or that the latter immediately became isolated from Byzantium. It was given currency in English partly by the writings of Peter Brown, whose survey The World of Late Antiquity (1971) revised the Gibbonview of a stale and ossified Classical culture, in favour of a vibrant time of renewals and beginnings, and whose The Making of Late Antiquity offered a new paradigm of understanding the changes in Western culture … Hexter, R. J. and Townsend, D. (Oxford 2012) 509–34Google Scholar and cf. École Pratique des Hautes Études-Sorbonne, 2013), and further discussion in Montinaro, ‘Power, taste and the outsider: Procopius and the Buildings revisited’, in Greatrex, G. and Elton, H. (eds), Shifting Genres in Late Antiquity (Farnham 2016) 191–206Google Scholar, in a section consisting of four papers under the title ‘Procopius and literature in the sixth-century eastern empire’. 23 See Formisano, M., ‘Towards an aesthetic paradigm of late antiquity’, Antiquité Tardive 15 (2007) 277–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar, with Formisano, , ‘Late antiquity: new departures’, in The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Literature, ed. (ed. Yet there are losses as well as gains in any periodization. Nor is it easy to accommodate within a Byzantine framework the ever-increasing mass of information about the eastern provinces or the momentous events that took place in the east in the seventh century. For more information on what data is contained in the cookies, please see our Cookie Notice. Advanced options. (Berlin 2013). "isUnsiloEnabled": true This website requires cookies to provide all of its features. Dialogues and Debates from Late Antiquity to Late Byzantium. What were the experiences of Byzantines who were themselves captured in raids and taken outside the empire? Historians and the Linguistic Turn (Cambridge, Mass. Byzantium was colonized by the Greeks from … The Paradox of East Roman Survival, c. 640–740 CE, The Carl Newell Jackson Lectures at Harvard, 2014, (Cambridge Mass. I would go further and claim that a better understanding of the seventh-century theological struggles is essential for any revisionist account of Byzantine iconoclasm.Footnote 44. Philip Rousseau notes other examples of this periodization in Can ‘late antiquity’ be saved?’, his contribution to the Marginalia Open Forum (as cited in n. 9 above), albeit without the determinedly eastern focus. Byzantine historians, and historians on Byzantium’, in Burke, J. "figures": false, Most of them are already used to negotiating these various problems, and in many cases, too, the same scholar can, and indeed has to, play to both late antique and Byzantine constituencies. However, the periodization of ‘late antiquity’ is far from settled, as we shall see, and I shall argue here that the ‘explosion’ of late antiquity has brought with it a real identity crisis for Byzantium. Johnson, S. F., (Oxford 2012), 1053–77Google Scholar; in terms of Qur’anic analysis a key scholar in this regard is Angelika Neuwirth, for instance see her Der Koran als Text der Spätantike: ein europäischer Zugang, 3rd ed. 27 ‘Euphemism and discursive amelioration will never fully occlude the fact that the later Roman Empire (sic) was the site of tremendous and unparalleled religious conflict’: in Kaldellis, ‘Late antiquity dissolves’ (as cited in n. 9 above). 44 Theology is played down by Brubaker, L. and Haldon, J. F., Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680–850. Its Nature, Management and Mediation, Theoderic and The Imperial Roman Restoration, Vers la pensée unique. with introduction, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 3 vols., Translated Texts for Historians 45 (Liverpool 2005); Constantinople II (553): R. Price, trans. Given this shift towards the east and away from political history, and with the entry into the mix of large numbers of new scholars, new journals and new research projects and publications series whose focus is anything but Byzantine, the sixth century as a topic has also been somewhat sidelined. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 15th January 2021. 2 This was also the start of another explosion: the emergence of late antique archaeology as a discipline, leading to its vast expansion and the enormous and ever-growing amount of material available today. (Göttingen 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar deals in detail with the sixth century but from the angle of catastrophes and contingencies. "isLogged": "0", The field has recently been expanded by some to include Sasanian and other material, and to recognize and seek to incorporate Neoplatonic thought and writing as another important strand. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. It is explicitly shared for example in the ‘Global late antiquities’ project recently launched by early Islamicists at Boston University, which calls for a ‘holistic approach to late antiquity’ that can include ‘both Europe and Islam as the heirs of the biblical legacy of ancient Israel and the classical legacy of Greece and Rome’.Footnote 37 The project statement speaks of the history of Europe and the need for a ‘more integrated and nuanced perspective on “Western civilization” and its origins in the shared heritage and conjoined development of the cultures of Late Antiquity’. The Greek name Byzantion and its Latinization Byzantium continued to be used as a name of Constantinople sporadically and to varying degrees during the thousand year existence of the Byzantine Empire. The associations of the term Byzantium can certainly still get in the way, and there are still genuine arguments to be made about periodization and definition, but these are more an internal matter within historiography than real issues. 35 Brown, P., The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford 1996, 2nd ed. £64.00, Jaś Elsner (Editor); Rachel Wood (Editor), H.A.G. One should also note the obstinate persistence of the idea of sixth-century Greek history-writing as ‘classicising’. 1975 seems light years away. In contrast the nature of the late antique and early Byzantine economy has been well represented, for instance by Banaji, J., Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity. The Transformation of a Culture (Cambridge 1990, rev. For a different take on Islam as late antique see al-Azmeh, A., The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity: Allah and his People (Cambridge 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Thus religion in late antiquity is often now interpreted within the frame of cultural history,Footnote 24 while many historians look for evidence of questioning, indifference, scepticism and even atheism.Footnote 25 There is an obvious resonance here for the later centuries of Byzantium, commonly if uncritically believed to be an overwhelmingly orthodox and even theocratic society.Footnote 26 Similarly, the turn towards emphasizing religious violence for which Kaldellis calls in his contribution to the Marginalia open forumFootnote 27 has already happened.Footnote 28 Finally negative features in late antiquity are a theme addressed at length by Mischa Meier, in a counter to the ‘benign’ late antiquity of which some have complained.Footnote 29, Within or alongside this outpouring of publications on late antiquity we can detect another powerful trend, which I term the turn to the east, marked by enthusiasm for the complex culture of the eastern Mediterranean in the fifth to seventh centuries,Footnote 30 the incorporation of Syriac as well as Greek material and increasingly the tendency to bring early Islam into the late antique frame, aided in this narrative by the claim of an over-riding late antique monotheism and further complicated by the rising theme of ‘Abrahamic religions’.Footnote 31 The same trend is reflected in the work of some Islamicists, who are themselves presenting Islam as a religion of late antiquity.Footnote 32 The general turn to the east is also a product of the huge amount of archaeological material that has become available in the last generation, but in addition the new vigour that has manifested itself in Sasanian studies and late antique Judaism has fed into a rising interest in the Byzantine-Sasanian wars under Chosroes II and the events of the Persian conquest of Jerusalem and the Near East in the early seventh century.Footnote 33 From here it seems only a small and natural step to the incorporation of early Islam into the late antique world view.Footnote 34. Late Antiquity saw the development of a new style of imperial authority in Byzantium, now expressed in explicitly Christian terms; this was part of a broader transformation of the role of Christianity in culture and society, affecting everything from literary production to patterns of civic life. Full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. A late-twentieth century model? Feature Flags last update: Fri Jan 15 2021 13:51:39 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time) It has been replaced for many by a closer consideration of the texts themselves and their internal dynamics. 13 Arnold, J. J., Theoderic and The Imperial Roman Restoration (Cambridge 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. with notes, The Acts of the Third Council of Constantinople (681), Translated Texts for Historians (Liverpool, in press); for sixth-century ecclesiastical issues see also Chazelle, C. and Cubitt, C. (eds), The Crisis of the Oikoumene : the Three Chapters and the Failed Quest for Unity in the Sixth-Century Mediterranean (Turnhout 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I have pointed here to one of these narratives, which in my view threatens to sideline Byzantium. and others at Studi Storici 45 (2004) 5–46Google Scholar; see also Brown, Peteret al., ‘The world of late antiquity revisited’, Symbolae Osloenses 72 (1997) 5–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; reactions to Giardina by Bowersock, G. W. and others in E. Lo Cascio (ed.) A History, Early Islamic Syria. Please come by if you’re free this afternoon—we look forward to seeing you there! Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzantine Literature, The Byzantine Republic. From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London 1971)Google Scholar. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Jh. Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity, Towards a new history of Byzantine literature: the case of historiography, Towards an aesthetic paradigm of late antiquity, The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Literature. The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition (Cambridge 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and see Kaldellis, , Ethnography after Antiquity. 1975 seems light years away. Atheism in the classical world: Whitmarsh, T., Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World (London 2016)Google Scholar. ed. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. 22 Kaldellis, A., Procopius of Caesarea. Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century (Oxford 2010)Google Scholar, and see Dagron, G. and Déroche, V., ‘Juifs et chrétiens dans l’Orient du VIIe siècle’, Travaux et Mémoires 11 (1991) 17–273Google Scholar and Cameron, Averil, ‘Blaming the Jews: the seventh-century invasions of Palestine in context’, Travaux et Mémoires 14 (Mélanges Gilbert Dagron) (2002) 57–78Google Scholar. Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity. Jh. 9 See n. 24 below. It has its origin as a spiritual blessing in the monastic world of Late Antiquity, becomes a popular social networking strategy among laypeople from the ninth century onwards, and still finds application in recent times. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, 6 Cameron, Averil, ‘Gibbon and Justinian’, in McKitterick, R. and Quinault, R. (eds), Edward Gibbon and Empire (Cambridge 1997) 34–52Google Scholar. Given the fraught nature of the subject of Islamic origins, not to mention that of the date of the Qur’an, it is hardly surprising if late antiquity is pressed into service for other ends. Part of the answer may be in the decline of narrative and political history that has prevailed in the last few decades, with its more synchronic as well as more cultural approach.Footnote 9 Nor has administrative history been much in vogue among English-speaking scholars,Footnote 10 though it should be noted that this has not been the case in Italy and elsewhere. An Archaeological Assessment (London 2007)Google Scholar. So reads the troparion for the feast of SS. The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition, Ethnography after Antiquity. Among medieval Christian societies, Byzantium is unique in preserving an ecclesiastical ritual of adelphopoiesis, which pronounces two men as brothers. Among medieval Christian societies, Byzantium is unique in preserving an ecclesiastical ritual of adelphopoiesis, which pronounces two men, not related by birth, as brothers for life. A History of Europe from 400 to 1000(London 2009)Google Scholar or Sarris, P., Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam (Oxford 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, or Cameron, Averil, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, c. 395–700, 2nd rev. "subject": true, View our complete catalog of authoritative Late Antiquity & Byzantium related book titles and textbooks published by Routledge and CRC Press. Das christliche Experiment (Stuttgart 2011)Google Scholar; Stein's work does not appear in the bibliography. Urban and Religious Spaces in Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium (Hardcover). The Roman Empire from the rise of Christianity in the fourth century to its fall in the west in the fifth, and the Eastern/Byzantine Empire through to its fall in the fifteenth century. Total loading time: 0.588 Slavery in late antiquity and Byzantium, with Noel Lenski November 5, 2020 A conversation with Noel Lenski (Yale University) on "slave societies" and how the institution of slavery changed in late antiquity and Byzantium. One of the hallmarks of the mass of publications on late antiquity has been the amount of emphasis placed on religion, not least in the wake of the belated discovery by classicists and late Roman scholars alike of the huge amount of Christian and Jewish texts ripe for their attention. This lecture series is organized by Robert S. Nelson, Robert Lehman Professor in the History of Art, and Vasileios Marinis, Associate Professor of Christian Art and Architecture at the ISM and YDS. Its Nature, Management and Mediation (Oxford 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, The Inheritance of Rome. For the first time, John Hayes's Late Roman Pottery (1972) enabled reliable dating criteria for the ceramic evidence that became the foundation of a new understanding of trade and economic life.Footnote 3 The UNESCO Save Carthage campaign, a landmark in the reliable recording of excavations of the late antique period, began in the following year, and since then the growth in data has been exponential. 2004) 812–36, at 826–30, refers to ‘the new intellectual history’Google Scholar. Multi-author volumes published and in progress contain papers on narrativityFootnote 18 as well as realia, and if out of Procopius’ three works the Buildings still most eludes classification,Footnote 19 at least consciousness has been raised, and historians and literary scholars now have to come together.Footnote 20. 19 See the collection of papers in Antiquité tardive 8 (2000); views of the Buildings now have to be revised in the light of work by F. Montinaro on the two editions of the text, for which see Montinaro, Études sur l’évergétisme impérial à Byzance (Diss. 28 Gaddis, M., There is No Crime for Those who Have Christ (Berkeley 2005)Google Scholar; Drake, H. A. 2004)Google Scholar. In this case too the publications of recent years indicate new ways of looking at the seventh century that do not necessarily turn on whether it was ‘Byzantine’ or ‘late antique’ or late or east Roman, and which offer alternatives to the earlier emphasis on defeat and disaster.Footnote 39, Oddly enough, it might seem, given the unwillingness of many late antique scholars to confront theology and their corresponding wish to collapse religious issues into cultural history, theology and doctrinal issues feature prominently in these developments. 26 Against: Cameron, Averil, Byzantine Matters (Princeton 2014) chap. (Heidelberg 2014)Google Scholar, though see Van Nuffelen, ‘The wor(l)ds of Procopius’. with notes, The Acts of the Lateran Synod of 649, Translated Texts for Historians 61 (Liverpool 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Syriac Life of Maximus: Brock, S. P., ‘An early Syriac Life of Maximus the Confessor’, Analecta Bollandiana 91 (1973), 299–346CrossRefGoogle Scholar (though not accepted by all); see also Allen, P. and Neil, B. The presence or absence of theology and religious thought in secular writing in the late antique east, An Age of Saints? Historians will always want to ask what useful evidence can be obtained from ancient and Byzantine writers, but they must now do so from a position that recognizes the complexity and the literary subtlety of their compositions.Footnote 17 Nowhere is this more necessary than in the case of Procopius, whose works still dominate our understanding of the sixth century, and here too one can see the tectonic plates moving. La montée de l’intolérance dans l’Antiquité tardive (Paris 2010)Google Scholar, for whom Justinian's reign was a ‘Rubicon’ leading to Byzantine bigotry. ‘Decline and Fall’ or ‘Other Antiquity’? "openAccess": "0", It still seemed natural in 2000 for the final additional volume of the new Cambridge Ancient History (note the title) to end at about the same date as A. H. M. Jones's Later Roman Empire,Footnote 7 that is, AD 600 as against 602 respectively, allowing both works to end with a flourish with the sixth century. 14 Though see Athanassiadi, P., Vers la pensée unique. "hasAccess": "1", Jewish Art in Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium. Brandes, W., ‘Anastasios ho dikoros. "metrics": true, 12 Honoré, T., Tribonian (London 1978)Google Scholar. (Oxford 1964)Google Scholar. 2 Giardina, A., ‘Esplosione di tardoantico’, Studi Storici 40.1 (1999) 157–80Google Scholar, with discussion by Bowersock, G.W. Start studying late antiquity and byzantium. It was already controversial among Byzantinists – was it the end of the Roman empire or just possibly the beginning of Byzantium?Footnote 5 Gibbon is not the only historian who has found the sixth century puzzling,Footnote 6 while recent publications insisting on a fifth-century fall of the Roman empire in the west also leave the sixth-century east exposed. 30 Indicative of this development is the fact that the work of such a leading Roman historian as Fergus Millar has focused for the last ten years on the themes of identity and community in the Near East in the period from the fifth to the seventh centuries, and especially the interplay of Greek and Syriac: his many essays on the subject are now collected in Millar, F., Empire, Church and Society in the Late Roman Near East: Greeks, Jews, Syrians and Saracens, Late Antique History and Religion 10 (Leuven 2015)Google Scholar, and see Millar, , A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450) (Berkeley 2006)Google Scholar. "metricsAbstractViews": false, Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Perceptions of the Body and Sacred Space in Late Antiquity and Byzantium seeks to reveal Christian understanding of the body and sacred space in the medieval Mediterranean. Zoom lectures begin at 12 noon Eastern Time; registration is required. People and Power in New Rome (Cambridge, Mass. An Archaeological Assessment, http://marginalia.lareviewofbooks.org/late-antiquity-and-the-new-humanities-an-open-forum/. Now, in contrast, such a choice invites criticism for failing to include the great events of the early seventh century, including the emergence of Islam. Power, Conflict and Dissent in Early Medieval Christianity(Leiden 2011)Google Scholar; Santo, M. Dal, Debating the Saints’ Cult in the Age of Gregory the Great (Oxford 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kaldellis, A., ‘The hagiography of doubt and scepticism’, in The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography II: Genres and Contexts, ed. This OIKOS research group favours collaboration and exchange among scholars working not only in the field of Late Antiquity but also in Byzantine studies. This view is strengthened by the turn in the scholarship away from political and narrative history based primarily on textual evidence in favour of material culture and questions such as urbanism, settlement and language – a turn that has also made possible a secular approach as against the preoccupation with religion and specifically with Orthodoxy that still pervades some of the literature on Byzantium. 2003)Google Scholar. They should not lead to the exclusion of Byzantium, whether from narratives of transition focused on the eastern Mediterranean and pointing towards Islam, or from narratives of a transition from classical antiquity to western Europe, pointing inexorably to the Enlightenment. (Berlin 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J. Hahn, S. Emmel and U. Gotter (eds), From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity (2008); Sizgorich, T., Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity: Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam (Philadelphia 2009)Google Scholar. The ‘long’ late antiquity. 3 See Wickham, Chris, ‘Marx, Sherlock Holmes and late Roman commerce’, Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988) 183–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar (review discussion of Carandini, A. It would be tedious to repeat all the arguments that have filled academic journals in recent years about the periodisation of late antiquity. Recent years about the periodisation of Late Antiquity, but the expertise available has never been gathered, review-discussion Procopius. Though not on the role of apocalypticism in Late Antiquity, but expertise. To ‘ the wor ( l ) ds of Procopius ’ Vers pensée... By Routledge and CRC Press Antiquity & Byzantium raids and taken outside the Empire that Would Die. On what data is contained in the Age of Justinian, the Inheritance of.. You ’ re free this afternoon—we look forward to seeing you there and contingencies Oxford,. Out how to manage your cookie settings see Allen, P., Santo, M. Dal and,. These included the huge contemporary production of florilegia of proof texts and the Imperial Roman Restoration Cambridge... It is worth noting that Brown 's World of Late Antiquity is very much a work Social! Tradition and reputation in the field of Late Antiquity Church ( Oxford 1996, 2nd ed span, Borrut... 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